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Biology
Complete Biology KSSM syllabus notes and study materials.
Form 4
12 Chapters • Comprehensive Notes
Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules
Learn about the fundamental concepts of biology, laboratory safety procedures, and scientific communication methods essential for biological studies.
Cell Biology and Cell Organization
Explore the fascinating world of cells, their structures, functions, and how they organize into complex living organisms.
Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane
Understand the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure and the various mechanisms by which substances move across cellular membranes.
Chemical Composition in a Cell
Discover the essential chemical compounds that make up living cells, including water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Metabolism and Enzymes
Explore the biochemical processes that power life, including metabolic pathways, enzyme functions, and factors affecting metabolic rates.
Cell Division
Master the processes of cell division including mitosis, meiosis, and their roles in growth, repair, and reproduction.
Respiratory Systems in Humans and Animals
Explore the fascinating adaptations and mechanisms of respiration across different animal groups, from insects to mammals.
Nutrition and Human Digestive System
Discover the complex processes of nutrition and digestion, from food intake to nutrient absorption and utilization by the body.
Transport in Humans and Animals
Explore the diverse transport systems in animals, from simple diffusion to complex circulatory systems, and understand blood composition and function.
Immunity in Humans
Understand the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens, from physical barriers to specific immune responses and vaccination strategies.
Coordination and Response in Humans
Explore the nervous and endocrine systems that coordinate body functions, from neural signaling to hormonal regulation.
Homeostasis and the Human Urinary System
Discover how the body maintains internal balance through homeostatic mechanisms and the crucial role of the urinary system in waste removal and fluid regulation.
Form 5
13 Chapters • Comprehensive Notes
Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth
Explore plant tissue organization, meristematic regions, and the mechanisms of primary and secondary growth in plants.
Leaf Structure and Function
Discover the intricate structure of leaves and their crucial functions in photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration.
Nutrition in Plants
Understand plant nutrient requirements, uptake mechanisms, and the importance of soil chemistry for plant growth and development.
Transport in Plants
Explore the mechanisms of water and nutrient transport in plants, including transpiration, root pressure, and long-distance movement through vascular tissues.
Response in Plants
Discover how plants detect and respond to environmental stimuli through tropisms, nastic movements, and hormonal regulation.
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Explore the fascinating process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, from flower structure to seed development and dispersal mechanisms.
Adaptations of Plants in Different Habitats
Discover how plants adapt structurally, physiologically, and behaviorally to survive in diverse environmental conditions.
Biodiversity
Explore the rich tapestry of life on Earth, understanding biological classification, species diversity, and the roles of microorganisms in maintaining ecosystem balance.
Ecosystem
Understand the complex interactions between living organisms and their environment, exploring community dynamics, population ecology, and ecosystem processes.
Environmental Sustainability
Explore environmental challenges, conservation strategies, and sustainable practices that promote the long-term health of our planet and its ecosystems.
Inheritance
Understand the fundamental principles of genetics, including Mendel's laws, inheritance patterns, and the molecular basis of heredity in living organisms.
Variation
Explore the sources and types of genetic variation in populations, understanding how mutation, recombination, and environmental factors contribute to biodiversity and evolution.
Genetic Technology
Explore the revolutionary field of genetic engineering and biotechnology, understanding how scientists manipulate DNA and develop innovative solutions for medicine, agriculture, and industry.